AIIMS MCQ for Medical PG Preparations .. NIME

Non-oliguric ARF is caused by:
A. Aminoglycoside
B. Penicillin
C. Erythromycin
D. Ampicillin

Ans. A.

·Schober's test is measure of flexion on lumbar spine

·This test is done in ankylosing spondylitis

 

Hodgkin's disease AIIMS MCQ for Medical PG preparations

AIIMS MCQ :

The combination of meclorethamine,vincristine, prednisolone, and procarbazine is used for the treatment of patients with:

A. Acute lymphocytic leukemia

B. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

C. Hodgkin's disease

D. Acute myelocytic leukemia

Ans. C.

·MOPP, the combination regimen of meclorethamine, vincristine (Oncovin), prednisone, and procarbazine, is often alternated with the ABVD regimen [doxorubicin (Adriamycin), bleomycin, vincristine, and dacarbazine in the treatment of patients with Hodgkin's disease, These regimens are based on the use of drugs with different mechanisms of action and different toxicities, so that the cancer cells are attacked at different sites of action, and the collective toxicity is not directed toward one organ system. Mechlorethamine is a nitrogen mustard alkylating agent, vincristine is a mitotic spindle poison, prednisone is a glucocorticoid with lymphotoxic effects, and procarbazinehas multiple actions directed against nucleic acids and proteins. Vincristine and prednisone produce less bone marrow suppression than alkylating agents and antimetabolites.

 

                                     LEPROSY

Definition: Chronic granulomatous infectious disease of skin & peripheral nerves, Caused by Mycobacterium Leprae, also known as Hansen’s disease. Skin, muscles, eyes, bones, testes and internal organs can also be involved.
Etiopathogenesis Causative organism Mycobacterium Leprae is a weak acid fast obligate intracellular bacilli. Discovered by Gerhard Heunk Armauer Hansen in 1873 in Norway.
Can be grown in foot pad of mice & nine banded Armadillos.
Very low infectivity even Conjugal partners have 5% risk of transmission of disease.

genetic susceptibility is also seen
Risk of children acquiring infection from infected adults in the family is 60%.

• Transmission: Still uncertain but most likely, spread s via droplet mode, from untreated patients nasal  mucosa, other routes can be skin to skin or may be via GIT.
• Generation time is 12 days, Incubation period is 2—7 yrs. (average 3-5 yrs)
• The optimal temperature for growth for leprae bacilli is 30 - 33 centigrade
• Virulence factor of M. Leprae is phenolic glycolipid I, a surface lipid, specific to this bacillus.
• Common sites which are involved — Skin, Peripheral Nerve, generally involves every organ except CNS & Ovaries and lungs.
• M. Leprae attacks Schwann cells of peripheral nerves, unmyelinated are more affected.
• Tuberculoid leprosy is the one end of spectrum of disease, is seen in high resistance person
• Lepromatous leprosy is the other end of spectrum of disease, seen in low resistance person.
• Transplacental Infection does not occur
• In India, tuberculoid leprosy is more common as compared to Lepromatous Leprosy.

Some general facts about leprosy ace:
• Cell mediated immune response of the host determine the type of leprosy.
• TT and LL patients are stable
• TT leprosy often self heals, most common type of leprosy in India.
• First clinical symptom in leprosy is numbness. .
• LL leprosy remains heavily infected unless given appropriate chemotherapy.
• BR leprosy is the most unstable, with most patients down grading if not treated
• Leprosy can affect all ages and both sexes.
• The limited growth of M. leprae in the mouse foot pad provided a way to screen for therapeutic agents and to identify drug resistance in leprosy.
• The recognition of leprosy in the nine banded armadillo provided a source of large quantities of highly
 purified M leprae for biochemical anti immunologic studies including preparation of vaccine for leprosy