PGIMER entrance Preparations | LES sphincter

LES sphincter is relaxed by
 A. Nitrates 
B. H1 blockers 
C. Morphine 
D. Atropine 
E. Calcium channel blockers

Ans. A. Nitrates ; (D) Atropine ; (E) Calcium channel blockers
LES relaxants are

- Alfa blockers
- Beta stimulants, Adenosine
- Cholecystokinin
- Estrogen
- Glucagon
- Progesterone
- Somatostatin
- Secretin
- Calcitonin gene related peptide
- Gastric inhibitory Peptide (GIP)
- Neuropeptide Y
- Vasoactive intestinal polypetide
- Anticholinergics (like Atropins)
- Barbiturates
- Calcium channel blockers
- Caffeine, Diazepam, Dopamine,
- Mepenidine, prostaglandin E1 and E2
- Theoplyline
- Peppermint, Chocalate, Coffee, ethanol, and fat.
- Nitric Oxide donors such as Nitrates.
• LES contraction is done by — Alfa-adrenergic NT, Muscarinic M2 and M3 receptor agonists.
- Beta-blockers
- Gastrin and motilin
- Peptides Bombesin, enkephalin and substance-P
- Antacids, cholinergics, Domperidone, Metoclopromide and prostaglandin F2
• the vagus nerve carries both excitatory and inhibitory fibres to the esophagus and LES,